As explained above, climate change scenario of sea level rise is twice more rapidly on period 1993-2010 than period of 1901-2010. Based on this scenario, the highest sea level rise is located in east Indonesia, include Sulawesi with rate 5-8 mm per year. This scenario will have impact such as drown of small islands, increased flooding, coastal erosion, sea water intrusion and changes in ecological processes in coastal areas. This change will also have an impact on socio-economic aspects of coastal communities such as loss of infrastructure, decline in ecological values, and the economic activities.
In ecological area, Marine Science Diving Club Hasanuddin University found coral bleaching almost 50% in Bulukumba area (2016). They estimate coral bleaching caused by rising sea surface temperatures. The observation was conducted as a follow up to a release by the National Ocean Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which showed seawater temperatures in some parts of Indonesia, including the Makassar Strait, would continue rising this year.
Beside the rising of sea surface temperature (SST), coral reef damaged also caused by human activities. According to a study by Hasanuddin University’s Coral Reef Reasearch Centre in Makassar, coral reef destruction in South Sulawesi has reached alarming heights and today poses a real threat to the ongoing livelihoods of regional fisherman. With some 70% of the 5,000 km2 of reefs destroyed, this has also caused great losses to the state via the fishery sector (Hajramurni 2007). The worst-affected reefs are around Bulukumba regency, with a destruction level of 100% followed by Pangkajene Islands (Pangkep) at 97%, Sinjai at 86% and Selayar, which encompasses the Taka Bonerate undersea national park, at 70%. The damage is also due to illegal fishing using explosives, poison and trawl nets, as well as sea pollution and poorly managed marine tourism. In some areas converted of mangrove forest to fish-fond in Ujung Loe sub-district has made these areas more vulnerable.
The combination of climate change impacts and vulnerable of coastal area in Bulukumba made this region more vulnerable. The several sectors damaged caused this impacts. In every West Monsoon Season (November-Maret) and East Monsoon Season (April-October), this area affected by tidal wave, hurricane, abrasion and sea tide. These threats disturb their infrastructures such houses, roads, and economic activities such fisherman, fishpond, seaweed farming, ecotourism, sea transportations for trading, and healthy such source of fresh water and diseases.
Several disasters happened that damaged of infrastructures. In 2016, tidal wave and abrasion reached 4 metres has damaged dozen houses in some coastal areas such Ela-Ela, Ujung Bulu sub-district. At the same time, hundreds of houses were damaged by tidal wave also at Ujung Loe and Ujung Bulu.
Dozens of houses damaged by whirlwind in 2016. As much as 41 of the houses at Batang Village, Bonto Bahari sub-district and 27 houses at Tanuntung Village, Herlang sub-district. Head of BPBD says this caused by uncertain drought effected El-Nino. In July 2017, heavy rainfall and hurricane damaged houses at Benteng Palio and Topanda Villages. The wind also broke down the gabare at Ujung Bulu sub-district.
Extreme climate also effecting economic activities of coastal communities. In December 2017, the stronght wind and tidal wave reached 3-4 metres caused fisherman did not goes to the sea. The Fisherman in Ujung Bulu become a seaweed farmer or a daily wage. They predicted they will go to sea for fishing on April 2018. In June 2016, Fisherman in Bulukumba cannot went to the sea for fishing, they choose to take care of seaweed because of tidal wave and strong wind. However, seaweed activities also effected by climate anomaly, with heavy rainfall make sea water become more fresh at depth of 3-5 metres is not suitable for seaweed farming.
On May 2017, BPBD evacuated 50 households caused by flood disaster that affected Bulukumba. On October 2017, fresh water crisis happened in Bulukumba caused by long drought. BPBD of Bulukumba had allocated fresh water to some sub-district such as Gantarang, Herlang, Bonto Bahari and Bonto Tiro.
Disaster cases in Bulukumba regency as cited above affected likely by climate change impacts. Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics Agency of Indonesia (BMKG) released weather temperature maps in 2016 on normal condition (1981-2010) showed that in 2016 was the hottest year a long history. BMKG observed same with pronouncement of World Meteorology Organization (WMO) showed that in 2016 has rate temperature 1,2 °C (for South Sulawesi area reached 1.26 °C) is more highest than normal (that is rate in 1981-2010). Moreover, anomaly of temperature in 2016 exceeded anomaly of temperature in 2015 that reached 1°C. As known that anomaly of weather temperature in 2015 affected by El-Nino phenomena caused long drought in Indonesia, while in 2016 there is no El-Nino, that condition indicate that greenhouse gas shows the effect on weather temperature.
It is also parallel with analysis of Indonesia BMKG (July, 2017) released analysis sea surface temperature (SST) in Bulukumba showed positive value that sea condition more warm and potentially evaporation process for making rain clouds around Bulukumba’s area. One analysis method was Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) showed negative values that signed clouds dense. Based on these analysis, showed that SST and OLR influential whirlwind disaster in Bulukumba