As an archipelago lies between Asia and Australia continents, Indonesia is very prone to climate change impact. As the current studies show that the surface temperature tends to raise 1°C in 20 Century. Some studies of several organizations in Indonesia found that climate change affected ecological damage and livelihood of the poor people.
As part of Southeast Asia, Indonesia has feature a complex range of terrains and land-sea contrast. Across this region, temperature has been increasing at rate of 0.14°C to 0.20°C per decade since the 1960s coupled with a rising number of hot days and warm nights, and a decline in cooler weather (IPCC, 2014).
Several large-scale phenomena influence the climate of this region. The impact of Madden-Julian Oscilation (MJO) have been no obvious trends in extreme rainfall indices in Indonesia, except evidence of a decrease in some areas in annual rainfall and an increase in the ratio of the wet to dry season rainfall (Aldrian and Djamil, IPCC, 2014). The impact of Indian Ocean Dipole pattern is associated with droughts in Indonesia. It is more prominent in eastern Indonesia. In the equatorial Indian Ocean, coral isotropic records off Indonesia indicate a reduced Sea Surface Temperature (SST) warming and salinity during the 20th century (Abram et al, IPCC 2014).
An expert, Sofian (2011) explained that rate of sea level rise since mid 19 centuries is more biggest, compared with rate since two millenium before. Since period 1901-2010, rate of sea level rise reached 0,19 metre. Rate of sea level rise is twice more rapidly on period 1993-2010 than period of 1901-2010. Based on this scenario, the highest sea level rise is located in east Indonesia, include Sulawesi with rate 5-8 mm per year.
Global climate change estimated will be affecting coastal community in various part of the world. One thing that will be changed are acceleration to sea level rise which will have an impact such as drown of small islands, increased flooding, coastal erosion, sea water intrusion and changes in ecological processes in coastal areas. Changes in these biological aspects will also have an impact on socio-economic aspects of coastal communities such as loss of infrastructure, decline in ecological values, and the economic value of coastal resources (Klein & Nicholls, 1999).
Socio economic development also influences the capacity to adapt. Poor people in urban informal and rural areas settlements, of which there are about 1 billion worldwide, are particularly vulnerable to weather and climate impacts. The top five nation classified by population in coastal low-lying areas are developing and newly industrialized countries; Bangladesh, China, Vietnam, India, and Indonesia (McGranahan et al., 2007; Bollman et al., 2010; Jongman et al., 2012).
Indonesia as an archipelago has 18.306 total islands with the coastal line reached 95.181 km. The inhabitants of Indonesia who live in this area are 60% from the total population, or about 160 million people. The economic development and activities are relied on with the coastal resources on this area. Most of Indonesian who lives in the coastal area dependence to the marine natural resources for their main income, as well as South Sulawesi Province.
South Sulawesi, Bulukumba Regency
South Sulawesi inhabited by Buginese who known as the ‘sailor tribe’. As a region of East Indonesia, South Sulawesi become an important area for coastal and ocean economic development. The coastline of this province is 1.937 km with the sea area of 266.877 km2. More than half of its districts, exactly 2/3 of 24 districts, have coastal and sea areas.
One of them is Bulukumba Regency. Bulukumba is located in south edge of South Sulawesi, where 7 of its 10 sub-districts are located in the coastal area. Bulukumba’s coastline is 128 km long that covers the seven sub-districts, those are Gantarang (10 km), Ujung Bulu (11,5 km), Ujung Loe (11,5 km), Bonto Bahari (48,2 km), Bonto Tiro (10,6 km), Herlang (16 km) and Kajang (20,2 km).
Areas with the highest rainfall are in the northwest and eastern of region while in the middle region has moderate rainfall while the southern part low of rainfall. Rainfall in Bulukumba Regency as follows; Rainfall between 800-1500 mm/year, include Ujung Bulu, Gantarang and a part of Ujung Loe and most of Bonto Bahari. Between 1500-2000 mm/year covering Gantarang, part of Rilau Ale, Ujung Loe, Kindang, Bulukumpa, Bonto Tiro, Kajang, Herlang.
As part of Southeast Asia, Indonesia has feature a complex range of terrains and land-sea contrast. Across this region, temperature has been increasing at rate of 0.14°C to 0.20°C per decade since the 1960s coupled with a rising number of hot days and warm nights, and a decline in cooler weather (IPCC, 2014).
Several large-scale phenomena influence the climate of this region. The impact of Madden-Julian Oscilation (MJO) have been no obvious trends in extreme rainfall indices in Indonesia, except evidence of a decrease in some areas in annual rainfall and an increase in the ratio of the wet to dry season rainfall (Aldrian and Djamil, IPCC, 2014). The impact of Indian Ocean Dipole pattern is associated with droughts in Indonesia. It is more prominent in eastern Indonesia. In the equatorial Indian Ocean, coral isotropic records off Indonesia indicate a reduced Sea Surface Temperature (SST) warming and salinity during the 20th century (Abram et al, IPCC 2014).
An expert, Sofian (2011) explained that rate of sea level rise since mid 19 centuries is more biggest, compared with rate since two millenium before. Since period 1901-2010, rate of sea level rise reached 0,19 metre. Rate of sea level rise is twice more rapidly on period 1993-2010 than period of 1901-2010. Based on this scenario, the highest sea level rise is located in east Indonesia, include Sulawesi with rate 5-8 mm per year.
Global climate change estimated will be affecting coastal community in various part of the world. One thing that will be changed are acceleration to sea level rise which will have an impact such as drown of small islands, increased flooding, coastal erosion, sea water intrusion and changes in ecological processes in coastal areas. Changes in these biological aspects will also have an impact on socio-economic aspects of coastal communities such as loss of infrastructure, decline in ecological values, and the economic value of coastal resources (Klein & Nicholls, 1999).
Socio economic development also influences the capacity to adapt. Poor people in urban informal and rural areas settlements, of which there are about 1 billion worldwide, are particularly vulnerable to weather and climate impacts. The top five nation classified by population in coastal low-lying areas are developing and newly industrialized countries; Bangladesh, China, Vietnam, India, and Indonesia (McGranahan et al., 2007; Bollman et al., 2010; Jongman et al., 2012).
Indonesia as an archipelago has 18.306 total islands with the coastal line reached 95.181 km. The inhabitants of Indonesia who live in this area are 60% from the total population, or about 160 million people. The economic development and activities are relied on with the coastal resources on this area. Most of Indonesian who lives in the coastal area dependence to the marine natural resources for their main income, as well as South Sulawesi Province.
South Sulawesi, Bulukumba Regency
South Sulawesi inhabited by Buginese who known as the ‘sailor tribe’. As a region of East Indonesia, South Sulawesi become an important area for coastal and ocean economic development. The coastline of this province is 1.937 km with the sea area of 266.877 km2. More than half of its districts, exactly 2/3 of 24 districts, have coastal and sea areas.
One of them is Bulukumba Regency. Bulukumba is located in south edge of South Sulawesi, where 7 of its 10 sub-districts are located in the coastal area. Bulukumba’s coastline is 128 km long that covers the seven sub-districts, those are Gantarang (10 km), Ujung Bulu (11,5 km), Ujung Loe (11,5 km), Bonto Bahari (48,2 km), Bonto Tiro (10,6 km), Herlang (16 km) and Kajang (20,2 km).
Areas with the highest rainfall are in the northwest and eastern of region while in the middle region has moderate rainfall while the southern part low of rainfall. Rainfall in Bulukumba Regency as follows; Rainfall between 800-1500 mm/year, include Ujung Bulu, Gantarang and a part of Ujung Loe and most of Bonto Bahari. Between 1500-2000 mm/year covering Gantarang, part of Rilau Ale, Ujung Loe, Kindang, Bulukumpa, Bonto Tiro, Kajang, Herlang.